Material preparation, cutting, shop calculations, and the maker bench: 3D printing and resin.
Calculators for the shop floor, the estimating desk and the maker bench: what to buy and how to cut it, what a bend or a punch needs, how fast to run a tool, how a line or a lot is performing, and how much resin, flow or motor resolution a print or a pour needs. Each one states its formula, its dataset and where that came from, and what it does not decide — so the number can be checked against the standard, the data sheet, or the machine you are accountable to.
Turn an alloy specification in mass percent into the mass of each element for a batch, with per-element yields for melting losses, or melt corrections.
You get: Per element the target mass and the charge after yield, the balance element filled to 100 %, the total charge and expected loss, or in adjust mode the addition of each element to reach the target.
Open Alloy Composition to MassAWG gauge to diameter in mm and inches, area in mm² and kcmil, and Ω/km for copper or aluminium — from the gauge law, or the nearest gauge for a size.
You get: Diameter, area, kcmil and Ω/km · Ω/1000 ft for the gauge (solid or stranded), the exact fractional gauge for a diameter or area, and a table of neighbouring gauges.
Open AWG Wire Gauge to mm & AreaMax deflection, moment, shear and bending stress for simply supported, cantilever and fixed beams under a point or uniform load from span, load, E and I.
You get: Maximum deflection and where it occurs, the span-to-deflection ratio, maximum moment and shear, reactions, bending stress at the extreme fibre, and the deflected shape drawn.
Open Beam Deflection & Bending StressFeed rate from chip load, flutes and rpm (or chip load from a feed rate), rpm from cutting speed, material removal rate and power — milling, turning, drilling.
You get: Spindle speed, feed rate or chip load, feed per revolution, MRR in cm³/min or in³/min, the chip-thinning factor when the radial width is under half the diameter, and power from your specific cutting force.
Open Chip Load & Material Removal RateWeight and strip length of a coil from outer and inner diameter, width, thickness and density — or the OD a length or a target weight gives — with wraps.
You get: Coil weight, strip length, number of wraps, weight per unit length and the batch totals; or the OD for a length or weight — annulus geometry with your density.
Open Coil Weight & LengthSpindle speed, feed rate, removal rate, and pass time for milling, turning, and drilling, in mm or inch, with starting-point speeds per material.
You get: The rpm and feed to program from a cutting speed and feed per tooth or per rev, what a spindle limit does to the real cutting speed, and how much material and time one pass takes.
Open Cutting Speed & FeedDrill point length from diameter and point angle, the travel to break through a plate or reach a full-diameter blind depth, and countersink depth to a diameter.
You get: Point length and volume, the total travel to program for a through or blind hole with your clearance, and for a countersink the depth to the hole edge and to the virtual apex.
Open Drill Point & Countersink DepthConvert coating thickness to mass per area and back through the coating density — zinc, aluminium, tin — per side and both sides, plus mass on a part.
You get: Thickness per side, g/m² per side and total, oz/ft², the coating mass per part and per batch from the part area, and the pickup as a percentage of the part mass.
Open Galvanizing & Coating WeightEstimate material weight and plan straight cuts from a single parts list.
You get: Estimated weight, the number of stock bars to buy, and a straight-cut layout that accounts for saw kerf and end trim.
Open Material PlannerWeight of plate, sheet, bar, tube, and angle from dimensions and material density.
You get: kg/m and lb/ft per section, weight per piece and in total for your lengths and quantities, and a CSV for the quote or the order.
Open Metal WeightWeight of steel pipe by NPS and schedule, or by outside diameter and wall.
You get: kg/m and lb/ft for each pipe, total weight for your lengths and quantities, a CSV, and a one-click handoff to plan the cuts.
Open Pipe WeightArea, centroid, second moment of area, section modulus and radius of gyration for rectangles, hollow sections, circles, tubes, I-beams, tees, channels, angles.
You get: A, centroid position, Ixx and Iyy about the centroid, Zxx and Zyy (both fibres for asymmetric shapes), rx and ry and the perimeter — pure geometry with the formula used.
Open Section Properties & Moment of InertiaGauge to thickness in mm and inches — and back — for steel, galvanized, stainless, and aluminium.
You get: The thickness for any gauge, the nearest gauge for any thickness, weight per square metre and square foot, and the full table for the material.
Open Sheet Metal GaugeHow many rectangular blanks fit a sheet with kerf and margin, either orientation plus a rotated strip on the leftover — yield, scrap and sheets for a quantity.
You get: The best of the two orientations with block and strip counts, a layout drawing, yield and scrap percentages, and the number of sheets and the part-filled last sheet for your quantity.
Open Sheet Nesting YieldSheet or plate weight from size, thickness and density, cost from a price per kg or lb, and material cost per blank with utilisation, scrap credit and cutting.
You get: Sheet mass and mass per area, cost per sheet and for the batch, and — with blanks — utilisation, scrap mass per sheet, scrap credit and the material cost per blank; density and price are yours.
Open Sheet Weight & Blank CostTheoretical Ra and Rt from feed per revolution and nose radius in turning, or the largest feed for a target Ra — the geometric floor of the finish.
You get: Rt from the exact arc geometry and Ra ≈ f²/(31.2r) in µm or µin, the maximum feed for a target Ra, and Ra at feeds from half to double the working point — with the reasons a measured surface is rougher.
Open Surface Finish from Feed & Nose RadiusTaper angle from two diameters over a length, a ratio 1 : n or an included angle — half angle, taper per unit and per foot — and the sine bar gauge-block stack.
You get: Included and half angle, taper per unit length and per foot, the ratio, and the sine-bar stack for the half and the full angle, with the angle error a rounded gauge-block stack introduces.
Open Taper Angle & Sine BarLinear thermal expansion ΔL = α·L·ΔT with your coefficient: new length, strain, area and volume change, restrained stress, or the ΔT for a wanted change.
You get: The change in length and the new length, strain in ppm, approximate area and volume change, thermal stress from a Young’s modulus you give, or the temperature change for a target ΔL.
Open Thermal Expansion of a LengthMachining time for OD turning (rpm, feed rate, passes from stock and depth of cut) or facing at constant surface speed with an rpm cap, plus non-cutting time.
You get: Spindle speed, feed rate, time per pass and pass count, cutting time, the cycle time per part with your non-cutting minutes, batch minutes and parts per hour.
Open Turning & Cycle TimeBend allowance, bend deduction, setback, and flat length from thickness, radius, angle, and K-factor — or the K-factor from a test bend.
You get: The flat-pattern numbers for one bend, with the formula shown, plus a measured K-factor for your own material and tooling.
Open Bend AllowanceX–Y coordinates of equally spaced holes on a bolt circle (PCD) with any centre, start angle and arc span, plus the chord between holes, G-code and a drawing.
You get: A table of hole angles and coordinates, the angular pitch and the chord for a caliper check, a copyable G-code-style position list, and an SVG of the pattern.
Open Bolt Circle CalculatorDevelop a cone or frustum into a flat sector: slant height, outer and inner radii, sector angle, arc lengths, chord, blank size and area — with a drawing.
You get: The sector radii and angle to lay out, the two arc lengths, the bounding blank with a seam allowance, the blank area and the half-angle of the cone, plus a scaled sector drawing to check.
Open Cone & Frustum Flat PatternA fillet weld checked on its throat at the allowable stress your code gives you, with the consumable, the arc time and the cost the same joint takes.
You get: Design throat and capacity per unit length, the joint total or the length a load needs, the deposited and consumable mass, arc time at your deposition rate, and what the weld costs in metal and labour.
Open Fillet Weld Strength & CostFlat blank length for a part with several bends: flanges, angles, radii, thickness and K-factor → bend allowance and deduction per bend, developed length.
You get: The flat length, the sum of the bend deductions (outside dimensions) or allowances (inside), and a per-bend table with BA, setback, BD, neutral radius and R/T — with notes where the K-factor rule is being stretched.
Open Flat Pattern Calculator (Multi-Bend)Flat length for a hem (open or closed, a 180° bend) or a jog / offset (two opposite bends) from thickness, K-factor, radius and legs — with geometry checks.
You get: Bend allowance, setback and deduction for the hem or for each jog bend, the sloping web length, the derived jog angle when you give the run, and the flat length — with a note when the hem return or the jog cannot form.
Open Hem & Jog AllowanceBending force per metre and in total for air bending, bottoming, or coining, from thickness, V opening, and material strength.
You get: The tonnage a bend needs in kN, tonnes, and US tons, whether it fits your machine, and the V opening, inside radius, and minimum flange that go with it.
Open Press Brake TonnageContact pressure, hub stress, the torque an interference fit can carry and the temperature that would open it, from the Lamé thick-walled cylinder equations.
You get: The contact pressure from your interference, the hoop and von Mises stress at the hub bore against its yield, the torque and axial force friction can hold, and the shrink-fit temperature rise.
Open Press Fit & Interference FitPunching and blanking force from cut perimeter, thickness, and shear strength, with stripping force, shear-angle relief, die clearance, and press load.
You get: The tonnage a hole or blank needs in kN, tonnes, and US tons, how much a sheared punch lowers the peak, the clearance to grind, and whether it fits the press.
Open Punch & Shear ForceTap drill for any UNC, UNF, or metric thread at the thread engagement you choose.
You get: The theoretical drill diameter, the nearest standard drill (number, letter, fraction, or mm) with the engagement it actually gives, and the alternatives either side.
Open Tap Drill SizePitch, pitch diameter, minor diameters, thread depth, and tensile stress area for UNC/UNF and ISO metric threads — or any custom major and pitch.
You get: The basic 60° profile numbers for a thread in both unit systems, and the stress area bolt strength tables use, from the standard formulas rather than a chart.
Open Thread DimensionsSample size, accept and reject numbers for a lot under ANSI/ASQ Z1.4 / ISO 2859-1 single sampling, normal inspection, with the plan’s OC curve.
You get: The code letter, n, Ac/Re for your lot size, inspection level and AQL, plus how likely the plan is to accept lots at the AQL and where it starts rejecting.
Open AQL Sampling PlanPaste subgroup measurements and get Shewhart control limits: X̄–R or X̄–s charts for subgroups of 2–10, I–MR for single values, with out-of-limit flags.
You get: Centre lines, UCL and LCL for the mean and spread charts, the process sigma estimate, a per-subgroup table with the flags, and notes on trial limits and the order in which to read the charts.
Open Control Chart Limits (X̄–R, X̄–s, I–MR)Defects per million opportunities, DPU, yield and sigma level from defects, units and opportunities (1.5σ shift shown separately), or DPMO from a sigma level.
You get: DPU, DPO, DPMO, yield (and the Poisson estimate), short- and long-term sigma, a sigma-to-DPMO ladder, and notes on the shift convention and on counting opportunities.
Open DPMO & Sigma LevelFirst pass yield per process step and rolled throughput yield for the line from units started, failed and scrapped — with the rework that final yield hides.
You get: FPY per step, cumulative and rolled throughput yield, final yield, good units out, total scrap and rework, and the step that caps the RTY — from the counts you enter.
Open First Pass Yield & RTYMeasurement system study from operators × parts × repeat readings: repeatability, reproducibility, GRR, part and total variation, % of study, ndc.
You get: EV, AV, GRR, PV and TV with their percentages, %GRR against a tolerance when given, ndc, and the operator and part means — the average-and-range method with the constants it uses stated.
Open Gauge R&R (Average & Range)Assign tasks with times and precedence to workstations for a cycle time or demand: ranked positional weight heuristic, minimum stations, efficiency, idle time.
You get: A station-by-station layout that respects precedence and the cycle time, the theoretical minimum, line efficiency, balance delay, smoothness index and the bottleneck station.
Open Line Balancing & StationsLot and per-part cost and price for a machining job from setup and cycle time, machine and labour rates, material, tooling, overhead and margin.
You get: A quotable cost build-up per lot and per part, with the setup share and the marginal cost of one more part, exportable as CSV.
Open Machining Job CostMTBF, MTTR, failure rate, inherent availability, mission reliability, and the MTTR or MTBF a target availability would need — from a maintenance log.
You get: The reliability figures a maintenance report asks for, from operating time, failure count, and repair time, with the assumptions and their limits stated.
Open MTBF & AvailabilityOverall Equipment Effectiveness for a shift: availability, performance, quality, OEE, and where the time went.
You get: The OEE figure with its three factors, the minutes lost to stops, slow running, and rejects, the gap to 85 %, and optional TEEP against calendar time.
Open OEE CalculatorCp, Cpk, Pp, Ppk, Cpm and expected PPM from your measurements and specification limits, with a normality check.
You get: Both capability pairs side by side (within-subgroup and overall), the expected and observed parts per million outside the limits, a histogram against the limits, and a CSV for the quality report.
Open Process CapabilityTakt time from your shift pattern and customer demand, with the stations a given cycle time needs and the capacity they give.
You get: The takt in seconds per unit, demand per hour, how many stations or operators a process cycle time needs, the load on the ones you have, and whether daily capacity covers demand.
Open Takt TimeRoller chain length in pitches and links for two sprockets at a centre distance, rounded to whole links, the centre distance that chain gives, and speed.
You get: Length in pitches, the link count (even by default, with an offset-link note otherwise), the adjusted centre distance, sprocket pitch and outside diameters, wrap on the small sprocket and chain speed.
Open Chain Drive Length & LinksPush and pull force, extend and retract speed, stroke time, and fluid power from bore, rod, pressure, and flow — metric or imperial.
You get: The force a cylinder gives in each direction at your pressure, the area ratio that makes retract weaker and faster, and how long a stroke takes at your pump flow.
Open Hydraulic Cylinder ForceLead from pitch and starts, linear speed from rpm (or rpm for a speed), steps per mm for a stepper, travel time, and torque to drive a load at your efficiency.
You get: Lead, speed in mm/s and m/min, rpm, steps per unit and resolution, revolutions and time for a travel, and drive and back-driving torque — kinematics and steady-state torque only.
Open Lead Screw Travel, Speed & TorqueSpeed and torque through belt, gear, or chain drives with up to four stages, plus open-belt length and wrap angle from the centre distance.
You get: The overall ratio, output speed, torque, and power after efficiency, and for belts the length to order and whether the small pulley has enough wrap.
Open Pulley, Belt & Gear RatioTorque from power and rpm (or power from torque), shear stress in a solid or hollow shaft, twist with your shear modulus, and diameter for an allowable stress.
You get: Torque, power and angular speed, the polar moment, nominal shear stress and twist for your shaft, or the diameter for an allowable stress — no stress concentration or safety factor built in.
Open Shaft Torque, Power & StressHelical spring rate from wire diameter, outside diameter, active coils and your shear modulus, with force, deflection and Wahl-corrected shear stress.
You get: The stiffness a coil spring will have before it is wound, the load at a given compression, and the working stress to compare with the wire’s allowable — every formula stated.
Open Spring Rate CalculatorStandard involute spur gear geometry from the module or diametral pitch and the tooth count, with the mating pair, centre distance and contact ratio.
You get: Pitch, tip, root and base diameters, addendum, dedendum and whole depth, circular and base pitch, tooth thickness, and for a pair the ratio, centre distance, contact ratio and any undercut.
Open Spur Gear CalculatorTools typed one per line with their air demand and duty cycle give the compressor size, and the pressure band gives the receiver tank that size needs.
You get: Peak and average demand from your tool list, the size to buy after simultaneity and margin, the receiver volume for your starts per hour, and the hold-up, pump-up time and duty cycle of the one you have.
Open Air Compressor CFM & TankConvert volumetric flow between m³/h, L/s, L/min, US and UK gal/min, cfm, cfs, MGD and barrels/day, plus mass flow and pipe velocity from your inputs.
You get: One flow figure in every unit the pump curve, the datasheet and the spec sheet use, from exact gallon and cubic-foot definitions rather than rounded factors.
Open Flow Rate ConverterPressure at depth from ρgh in Pa, bar, psi and head of water, the force on a tank floor, and the force and centre of pressure on a vertical wall.
You get: The pressure a liquid column exerts and the total load it puts on a floor or wall — with where that load acts, so a wall or baffle can be checked at the right point.
Open Hydrostatic Pressure CalculatorLiquid flow through an orifice from the pressure drop, the drop a flow needs, or the orifice size for a flow — with your discharge coefficient and β.
You get: Flow, pressure drop or orifice diameter, plus the bore area, β ratio, approach factor, jet velocity and Reynolds number when a viscosity is given — liquids only, Cd from your standard or meter data.
Open Orifice & Nozzle FlowVelocity from flow and pipe bore (or flow from velocity), Reynolds number with the regime named, velocity head, and the diameter that meets a target velocity.
You get: The velocity in the pipe, whether the flow is laminar or turbulent for your fluid, and the bore you would need to hit a velocity you choose — all from continuity, nothing assumed.
Open Pipe Flow & Velocity CalculatorTotal pump head from static lift, your friction head, delivery pressure and velocity head, then hydraulic, shaft and motor power from flow and efficiency.
You get: The head and power a pump duty point needs, with every term of the head listed so you can see what your friction estimate and pressure requirement each add.
Open Pump Head & Power CalculatorTime to drain a round or rectangular tank by gravity through an orifice (Torricelli), with your discharge coefficient, the initial outflow and a profile.
You get: How long a tank takes to empty, or to fall to a given level, with the outflow at every stage — from the orifice equation and a coefficient you supply, not a rule of thumb.
Open Tank Drain Time CalculatorPartial-fill volume of a horizontal cylinder (flat, elliptical or hemispherical heads), vertical, rectangular or cone-bottom tank from the dipstick depth.
You get: Litres, m³, US and UK gallons in the tank and at the measured depth, the fill percentage, the head volume, and a depth-by-depth chart to print for the dipstick.
Open Tank Volume CalculatorJoukowsky surge from a sudden valve closure: elastic-pipe wave speed from bulk and pipe moduli, bore and wall; critical time 2L/c; slow-closure estimate.
You get: Wave speed (rigid and elastic), the surge pressure and its head, the critical time for the pipe length, whether your closure is fast or slow, and the total with a static pressure — from your fluid and pipe data.
Open Water Hammer Surge PressureAirflow from room volume and air changes per hour, or ACH from a measured airflow, in m³/h, L/s and CFM, with minutes per change and flow per occupant.
You get: The fan or ventilation flow a room needs for the air-change rate you specify — or the rate an existing flow achieves — in the units the fan curve and the specification use.
Open Air Changes & CFM CalculatorDuct size by the velocity method: round and rectangular duct from airflow (cfm or L/s) and your velocity, standard sizes, equivalent round, or check a duct.
You get: Cross-section area, the round diameter it needs, the standard sizes below and above with their velocities, the rectangular duct with one side fixed and its Huebscher equivalent round, or the velocity an existing duct carries.
Open Duct Size CalculatorAffinity laws for fans and pumps: flow, pressure and power after a speed, impeller or density change, or the speed needed for a target flow or pressure.
You get: What a VFD speed change or a different impeller does to flow, pressure and power — and the speed to set for a duty you want — with the cubic power law made visible.
Open Fan Laws CalculatorSteady-state heat loss from your U-values and areas at a design temperature difference, element by element, plus a ventilation term from airflow.
You get: The fabric and ventilation heat loss of a room or building in W and BTU/h, with each element’s share and the loss per degree, so a heater or heat source can be sized to your own figures.
Open Heat Loss & U-Value CalculatorTotal R-value and U-value of a wall, roof or floor from its layers — thickness ÷ conductivity or a declared R — plus surface films and heat flow.
You get: Each layer’s R and its share of the total, the total R and U in metric and imperial units, and the heat flux and heat flow for a temperature difference and area you enter.
Open Insulation R-value & U-valueLog mean temperature difference for counter- or parallel-flow, then Q = U·A·ΔT_lm·F solved for the duty, the area, U or an outlet temperature.
You get: ΔT₁, ΔT₂ and ΔT_lm against the arithmetic mean, the effective difference after your correction factor, whichever of duty, area, U or outlet you asked for, and the process-side mass flow × c_p × ΔT to check it.
Open LMTD & Heat Exchanger DutyDew point, wet-bulb, relative humidity, humidity ratio, enthalpy, specific volume and vapour pressure of moist air from dry-bulb, pressure and one measure.
You get: All the psychrometric properties at once — RH, dew point, wet-bulb, g/kg and grains/lb, vapour and saturation pressure, enthalpy, specific volume, density, absolute humidity — with °F readings.
Open Psychrometrics — Dew Point & HumiditySize radiators from a heat load: ΔT from flow, return and room temperatures, the correction Φ = Φ₅₀·(ΔT/50)ⁿ with your emitter exponent, and the count.
You get: The mean ΔT (arithmetic or logarithmic), the correction factor, the catalogue output the emitter must carry (with margin), and for a chosen emitter the count, installed output and margin.
Open Radiator & Heat Emitter SizingConvert cooling capacity between tons of refrigeration, kW, BTU/h, kcal/h and hp — 1 TR = 12 000 BTU/h = 3.517 kW — plus the input for a COP or EER.
You get: The capacity in every unit, the COP used (from EER when given) and the electrical input power the capacity implies.
Open Refrigeration Tonnage ConverterEnergy to heat a volume of water or any liquid through a temperature rise in kWh, MJ and BTU, the heating time at a given power and efficiency, and cost.
You get: How much energy a tank, bath, process batch or boiler fill needs and how long the heater will take — from m·c·ΔT with your fluid properties, efficiency and price.
Open Water Heating Energy CalculatorTop print speed from a hotend’s volumetric flow at your layer height and line width, the flow a speed needs, filament feed rate and a floor on print time.
You get: The top print speed a hotend’s maximum flow allows at your bead size, or the flow a chosen speed demands, the filament feed rate, and the least time the part’s material takes to extrude.
Open 3D Print Speed & Volumetric FlowCost of a print from the slicer’s grams or filament length, spool price, printer power and tariff, depreciation, failures, labour, markup — filament or resin.
You get: Material, electricity, machine, labour and failure allowance per print with each line’s share, the cost and selling price per print and for the quantity — every rate yours.
Open 3D Printing Cost CalculatorEpoxy for a pour — slab, river channel, round or known volume — with pieces, waste, part A and B at the maker’s ratio by volume or weight, and kits to buy.
You get: The mixed resin in litres, US gallons and fluid ounces, how much of part A and part B to measure at the product’s ratio, the weight at its density, and how many kits of the size you buy.
Open Epoxy Resin CalculatorCalibrate e-steps or any axis from a measured move, or compute steps per mm from the motor, microstepping and a belt and pulley or a lead screw.
You get: The corrected steps per mm from the length asked for and the length that moved, or the theoretical figure for a belt-and-pulley or lead-screw axis, with the resolution of one microstep.
Open Steps per mm & E-Steps Calibration